2nd Year Chemistry Study Material

2nd Year Chemistry Study Material
2nd Year Chemistry Study Material
                            INDEX

Unit - 1  Solid State
Unit - 2  Solutions
Unit - 3.A Electro Chemistry
Unit - 3B.  Chemical Kinetics
Unit - 4  Surface Chemistry
Unit - 5  General Principles of Metallurgy
Unit - 6  P-Block Elements
Unit - 7 D- Block Elements
Unit - 8  Polymers
Unit - 9  Bio-Molecules
Unit - 10  Chemistry in Every Day Life
Unit - 11  Halo Alkanes and Halo Arenes
Unit - 12  Organic Compounds Containing C, H and O
Unit - 13  Organic compounds containing Nitrogen

  1. 2nd Year Chemistry  Study Material

    Main Branches of Chemistry

    Although many would say that there are FIVE main branches of chemistry, namely: Physical, Analytical, Biochemistry, Organic and Inorganic chemistry many would argue that the science of chemistry actually links out to other branches or sub-branches that include Materials Chemistry, Theoretical Chemistry, Macromolecular (Polymer) Chemistry, Nuclear Chemistry, Metallurgy, Forensic Chemistry, Medicinal Chemistry and more.

    1).Analytical Chemistry

    Analytical chemistry is the study involving how we analyze the chemical components of samples. How much caffeine is really in a cup of coffee? Are there drugs found in athlete’s urine samples? What is the pH level of my swimming pool? Examples of areas using analytical chemistry include forensic science, environmental science, and drug testing.

    Analytical chemistry is divided into two main branches: qualitative and quantitative analysis.

    Qualitative analysis employs methods/measurements to help determine the components of substances. Quantitative analysis on the other hand, helps to identify how much of each component is present in a subset.

    2).Biochemistry

    The study of life or more aptly put, of chemical processes in living organisms. Biochemists research includes cancer and stem cell biology, infectious disease as well as membrane and structural biology and spans molecular biology, genetics, mechanistic biochemistry, genomics, evolution and systems biology.

    Biochemistry, according to many scientists can also be explained as a discipline in which biological phenomena are examined in chemical terms. Examples are digestion and cellular respiration.

    For this reason biochemistry is also known as Chemical Biology or Biological Chemistry.

    Under the main umbrella of biochemistry many new sub-branches have emerged that modern chemists may specialize in solely. Some of these disciplines include:

    1. Enzymology (study of enzymes)
    2. Endocrinology (study of hormones)
    3. Clinical Biochemistry (study of diseases)
    4. Molecular Biochemistry (Study of Biomolecules and their functions).

    There are also others like Pharmacological Biochemistry, Agricultural Biochemistry and more.

    3).Inorganic chemistry

    Chemists in this field focus on elements and compounds other than carbon or hydrocarbons. Simply put, inorganic chemistry covers all materials that are not organic and are termed as non-living substances – those compounds that do not contain a carbon hydrogen (C-H) bond.

    Compounds studied by inorganic chemists include crystal structures, minerals, metals, catalysts, and most elements on the periodic table. An example is the strength of a power beam used to carry a specific weight or investigating how gold is formed in the earth.

    Branches of inorganic chemistry include:

    1. Bioinorganic chemistry (study of role of metals in biology)
    2. Coordination chemistry (study of coordination compounds and interactions of ligands)
    3. Geochemistry (study of the earth’s chemical composition, rocks, minerals & atmosphere)
    4. Inorganic technology (synthesizing new inorganic compounds)
    5. Nuclear chemistry (study of radioactive substances)
    6. Organometallic chemistry (study of chemicals that contain bonds between a metal and carbon – overlaps into organic chemistry)
    7. Solid-state chemistry/materials chemistry (study of the forming, structure, and characteristics of solid phase materials)
    8. Synthetic inorganic chemistry (study of synthesizing chemicals)
    9. Industrial inorganic chemistry (study of materials used in manufacturing. E.g.: fertilizers)

    4).Organic chemistry

    The study of carbon compounds such as fuels, plastics, food additives, and drugs. An opposite of inorganic chemistry that focuses on non-living matter and non-carbon based substances, organic chemistry deals with the study of carbon and the chemicals in living organisms. An example is the process of photosynthesis in a leaf because there is a change in the chemical composition of the living plant.(2nd Year Chemistry  Study Material)

    Organic chemists are often the ones who devise experimental methods to isolate or synthesize new materials, or to study their properties, and usually work and research in a lab. Some examples on the work they do include formulating a conditioner that keeps hair softer, developing a better drug for headaches and creating a non-toxic home cleaning product.

    The branches of organic chemistry involve many different disciplines including the study of ketones, aldehydes, hydrocarbons (alkenes, alkanes, alkynes) and alcohols.

    1. Stereochemistry (study of the 3-dimensional structure of molecules)
    2. Medicinal chemistry (deals with designing, developing and synthesizing pharmaceutical drugs)
    3. Organometallic chemistry (study of chemicals that contain bonds between a carbon and a metal)
    4. Physical organic chemistry (study of structure and reactivity in organic molecules)
    5. Polymer chemistry (study of the composition and creation of polymer molecules)

    5).Physical chemistry

    The study of the physical properties of molecules, and their relation to the ways in which molecules and atoms are put together. Physical chemistry deals with the principles and methodologies of both chemistry and physics and is the study of how chemical structure impacts physical properties of a substance. An example is baking brownies, as you’re mixing materials and using heat and energy to get the final product.

    Physical chemists would typically study the rate of a chemical reaction, the interaction of molecules with radiation, and the calculation of structures and properties.

    Sub-branches of physical chemistry include:

    1. Electrochemistry (study of the interaction of atoms, molecules, ions and electric current)
    2. Photochemistry (study of the chemical effects of light; photochemical reactions)
    3. Surface chemistry (study of chemical reactions at interfaces)
    4. Chemical Kinetics (study of rates of chemical reactions)
    5. Thermodynamics/Thermochemistry (study of how heat relates to chemical change)
    6. Quantum Mechanics/Quantum Chemistry (study of quantum mechanics and how it relates to chemical phenomena)
    7. Spectroscopy (study of spectra of light or radiation)                                                                 (2nd Year Chemistry  Study Material)